DOES THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY IN THE DIFFERENT REGIONS OF SPAIN INFLUENCE THE ATTITUDES, PERCEPTION AND BARRIERS TO ITS TREATMENT?

INTRODUCTION: The differences in the prevalence of obesity between the various regions of Spain, partly attributed to socioeconomic differences, may influence the approach to this disease. The aim of this study was to compare differences in attitudes, perception and barriers to the treatment of obesity between people with obesity (PwO) and health care professionals (HCPs), between the different regions of Spain. METHODS: Sub-analysis of the ACTION-IO Spain study, which included 1,500 PwO and 306 HCP belonging to regions with high prevalence of obesity (>16% n=9 regions, HPO group) and low prevalence of obesity (<16% n=8 regions, LPO group) (self-reported data), according to the 2017 National Health Survey of Spain. STATISTICS: comparison of proportions (Chi2). Only statistically significant results (p<0.05) are shown. RESULTS: A total of 746 PwO belonged to HPO and 754 to LPO group. The PwO in HPO group were younger, had lower income, a lower level of higher education, higher unemployment rate and fewer comorbidities. Obesity was considered a chronic disease to a higher extent in HPO compared to LPO group (62 vs. 56%), but this difference was not statistically significant. The PwO in HPO group discussed less with the HCPs about their excess weight (57% vs. 70%), did not feel motivated to lose weight in a higher percentage (26% vs. 18%), and felt less emotionally supported (16% vs. 24%). In HPO group, the preference for unhealthy food (51% vs. 36%), and the costs of healthy eating, anti-obesity drugs and bariatric surgery were perceived barriers to losing weight. A higher proportion of PwO in HPO group considered that exercise (58% vs. 40%) was more effective for achieving weight loss. In contrast, LPO group considered diet more effective (48% vs. 32%). HCPs in HPO group felt more motivated to treat obesity (83% vs. 68%) and a higher proportion (14% vs. 5%) identified the economic burden as one of the main reasons why PwO do not start conversations to lose weight. CONCLUSIONS: There is less concern and conversation about excess weight in PwO in regions with a higher prevalence of obesity, with socioeconomic limitations being one of the main perceived barriers to treatment.

Species-specific traits affect bird species' susceptibility to global change.

The current ecological crisis has risen extinction rates to similar levels of ancient mass extinctions. However, it seems to not be acting uniformly across all species but affecting species differentially. This suggests that species' susceptibility to the extinction process is mediated by specific traits. Since understanding this response mechanism at large scales will benefit conservation effort around the world, we used the IUCN global threat status and population trends of 8281 extant bird species as proxies of the extinction risk to identify the species-specific traits affecting their susceptibility to extinction within the biogeographic regions and at the global scale. Using linear mixed effect models and multinomial models, we related the global threat status and the population trends with the following traits: migratory strategy, habitat and diet specialization, body size, and generation length. According to our results and independently of the proxy used, more vulnerable species are sedentary and have larger body size, longer generation time, and higher degree of habitat specialization. These relationships apply globally and show little variation across biogeographic regions. We suggest that such concordant patterns might be caused either by a widespread occurrence of the same threats such as habitat modification or by a uniform capacity of some traits to reflect the impact of different local threats. Regardless of the cause of this pattern, our study identified the traits that affect species' response capability to the current ecological crisis. Conservation effort should focus on the species with trait values indicating the limited response capacity to overcome this crisis.

Traits and ecological space availability predict avian densities at the country scale of the Czech Republic.

Species' geographical distributions and abundances are a central focus of current ecological research. Although multiple studies have been conducted on their elucidation, some important information is still missing. One of them is the knowledge of ecological traits of species responsible for the population density variations across geographical (i.e., total physical area) and ecological spaces (i.e., suitable habitat area). This is crucial for understanding how ecological specialization shapes the geographical distribution of species, and provides key knowledge about the sensitivity of species to current environmental challenges. Here, we precisely describe habitat availability for individual species using fine-scale field data collected across the entire Czech Republic. In the next step, we used this information to test the relationships between bird traits and country-scale estimates of population densities assessed in both geographical and ecological spaces. We did not find any effect of habitat specialization on avian density in geographical space. But when we recalculated densities for ecological space available, we found a positive correlation with habitat specialization. Specialists occur at higher densities in suitable habitats. Moreover, birds with arboreal and hole-nesting strategies showed higher densities in both geographical and ecological spaces. However, we found no significant effects of morphological (body mass and structural body size) and reproductive (position along the slow-fast life-history continuum) traits on avian densities in either geographical or ecological space. Our findings suggest that ecological space availability is a strong determinant of avian abundance and highlight the importance of precise knowledge of species-specific habitat requirements. Revival of this classical but challenging ecological topic of habitat-specific densities is needed for both proper understanding of pure ecological issues and practical steps in the conservation of nature.

Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement.

INTRODUCTION: Loss of skeletal muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) is common in individuals with obesity due to metabolic changes associated with a sedentary lifestyle, adipose tissue derangements, comorbidities (acute and chronic diseases), and during the ageing process. Co-existence of excess adiposity and low muscle mass/function is referred to as sarcopenic obesity (SO), a condition increasingly recognized for its clinical and functional features that negatively influence important patient-centred outcomes. Effective prevention and treatment strategies for SO are urgently needed, but efforts are hampered by the lack of an universally established SO Definition and diagnostic criteria. Resulting inconsistencies in the literature also negatively affect the ability to define prevalence as well as clinical relevance of SO for negative health outcomes. AIMS AND METHODS: The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) launched an initiative to reach expert consensus on a Definition and diagnostic criteria for SO. The jointly appointed international expert panel proposes that SO is defined as the co-existence of excess adiposity and low muscle mass/function. The diagnosis of SO should be considered in at-risk individuals who screen positive for a co-occurring elevated body mass index or waist circumference, and markers of low skeletal muscle mass and function (risk factors, clinical symptoms, or validated questionnaires). Diagnostic procedures should initially include assessment of skeletal muscle function, followed by assessment of body composition where presence of excess adiposity and low skeletal muscle mass or related body compartments confirm the diagnosis of SO. Individuals with SO should be further stratified into Stage I in the absence of clinical complications, or Stage II if cases are associated with complications linked to altered body composition or skeletal muscle dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: ESPEN and EASO, as well as the expert international panel, advocate that the proposed SO Definition and diagnostic criteria be implemented into routine clinical practice. The panel also encourages prospective studies in addition to secondary analysis of existing datasets, to study the predictive value, treatment efficacy, and clinical impact of this SO definition.

Definition and Diagnostic Criteria for Sarcopenic Obesity: ESPEN and EASO Consensus Statement.

INTRODUCTION: Loss of skeletal muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) is common in individuals with obesity due to metabolic changes associated with a sedentary lifestyle, adipose tissue derangements, comorbidities (acute and chronic diseases) and during the ageing process. Co-existence of excess adiposity and low muscle mass/function is referred to as sarcopenic obesity (SO), a condition increasingly recognized for its clinical and functional features that negatively influence important patient-centred outcomes. Effective prevention and treatment strategies for SO are urgently needed, but efforts are hampered by the lack of a universally established SO definition and diagnostic criteria. Resulting inconsistencies in the literature also negatively affect the ability to define prevalence as well as clinical relevance of SO for negative health outcomes. AIMS AND METHODS: The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) launched an initiative to reach expert consensus on a definition and diagnostic criteria for SO. The jointly appointed international expert panel proposes that SO is defined as the co-existence of excess adiposity and low muscle mass/function. The diagnosis of SO should be considered in at-risk individuals who screen positive for a co-occurring elevated body mass index or waist circumference, and markers of low skeletal muscle mass and function (risk factors, clinical symptoms, or validated questionnaires). Diagnostic procedures should initially include assessment of skeletal muscle function, followed by assessment of body composition where presence of excess adiposity and low skeletal muscle mass or related body compartments confirm the diagnosis of SO. Individuals with SO should be further stratified into stage I in the absence of clinical complications or stage II if cases are associated with complications linked to altered body composition or skeletal muscle dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: ESPEN and EASO, as well as the expert international panel, advocate that the proposed SO definition and diagnostic criteria be implemented into routine clinical practice. The panel also encourages prospective studies in addition to secondary analysis of existing data sets, to study the predictive value, treatment efficacy and clinical impact of this SO definition.

Trajectories of alcohol consumption during life and the risk of developing breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Whether there are lifetime points of greater sensitivity to the deleterious effects of alcohol intake on the breasts remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To compare the influence of distinctive trajectories of alcohol consumption throughout a woman's life on development of breast cancer (BC). METHODS: 1278 confirmed invasive BC cases and matched (by age and residence) controls from the Epi-GEICAM study (Spain) were used. The novel group-based trajectory modelling was used to identify different alcohol consumption trajectories throughout women's lifetime. RESULTS: Four alcohol trajectories were identified. The first comprised women (45%) with low alcohol consumption (<5 g/day) throughout their life. The second included those (33%) who gradually moved from a low alcohol consumption in adolescence to a moderate in adulthood (5 to <15 g/day), never having a high consumption; and oppositely, women in the third trajectory (16%) moved from moderate consumption in adolescence, to a lower consumption in adulthood. Women in the fourth (6%) moved from a moderate alcohol consumption in adolescence to the highest consumption in adulthood (≥15 g/day), never having a low alcohol consumption. Comparing with the first trajectory, the fourth doubled BC risk (OR 2.19; 95% CI 1.27, 3.77), followed by the third (OR 1.44; 0.96, 2.16) and ultimately by the second trajectory (OR 1.17; 0.86, 1.58). The magnitude of BC risk was greater in postmenopausal women, especially in those with underweight or normal weight. When alcohol consumption was independently examined at each life stage, ≥15 g/day of alcohol consumption in adolescence was strongly associated with BC risk followed by consumption in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: The greater the alcohol consumption accumulated throughout life, the greater the risk of BC, especially in postmenopausal women. Alcohol consumption during adolescence may particularly influence BC risk.

The impact of COVID-19 on obesity services across Europe: A physician survey.

Obesity is a risk factor for severe complications from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). During the COVID-19 pandemic in Spring 2020, many clinics and obesity centers across Europe were required to close. This study aimed to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the provision of obesity services across 10 European countries via a survey of physicians (n = 102) specializing in treating persons with obesity (PwO). In total, 62-95 out of 102 physicians reported that COVID-19 affected obesity-related services, with cancellations/suspensions ranging from 50% to 100% across the 10 countries. Approximately 75% of cancellations/suspensions were provider- rather than patient-initiated. A median increase of 20%-25% in waiting times was reported for most services across the countries. When services resume, 87 out of 100 physicians consider factors influencing down-stream patient outcomes as the most relevant factors for prioritizing interventional treatment. Responses showed that 65 out of 102 and 36 out of 102 physicians believed it (highly) likely that a change in treatment guidance will occur to prioritize earlier interventional treatment for the management of PwO, by either using bariatric surgery or pharmacotherapy, respectively. Results from this study provide important learnings, such as opportunities for, and discrepancies in, the provision of alternative care in light of services cancellations or delays, which may be important for the future management of obesity, especially during future waves of COVID-19 or other infectious pandemics.

A novel (targeted) kinesio taping application on chronic low back pain: Randomized clinical trial.

The aim of the present clinical trial is to evaluate the efficacy of kinesio taping on patients with chronic low back pain, when the exploration identifies skin/fascia mobilization as a factor that could modify the treatment effect. This study is a randomized controlled trial with intention-to-treat analysis. Sixty-two participants with chronic low back pain were therefore recruited from a tertiary referral hospital. Targeted kinesio taping, according to skin/fascia mobility exploration, was applied in the experimental group (17 female/13 male; 49.47 ± 11.15 years) once a week for four sessions. The control group (17 female/14 male; 48.87 ± 9.09 years) underwent a placebo taping application. At post-treatment time there was a statistically significant reduction both in disability (Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire) and pain (Numeric Pain Rating Scale) in the experimental group (disability: -2.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] -4.56 to -1.21, P < .001; pain: -1.58, 95% CI -2.67 to -0.54 P = .001) and the control group (disability: -1.82, 95% CI -3.46 to -0.17 P = .025; pain: -1.30, 95% CI -2.32 to -0.28 P = .008). However, at six months, these changes only remained significant in the experimental group (disability: -2.95, 95% CI -4.72 to -1.18, P < .001; pain: -1.06, 95% CI -2.07 to -0.04, P < .05). As a conclusion, the application of targeted kinesio taping produced a significant reduction in pain and disability, at 4 weeks and at 6 moths follow-up, although there were no differences between groups at any measurement time point.

Resting Energy Expenditure Is Not Altered in Children and Adolescents with Obesity. Effect of Age and Gender and Association with Serum Leptin Levels.

In children and adolescents, obesity does not seem to depend on a reduction of resting energy expenditure (REE). Moreover, in this young population, the interactions between either age and obesity or between age and gender, or the role of leptin on REE are not clearly understood. To compare the levels of REE in children and adolescents we studied 181 Caucasian individuals (62% girls) classified on the basis of age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) percentile as healthy weight (n = 50), with overweight (n = 34), or with obesity (n = 97) and in different age groups: 8-10 (n = 38), 11-13 (n = 50), and 14-17 years (n = 93). REE was measured by indirect calorimetry and body composition by air displacement plethysmography. Statistically significant differences in REE/fat-free mass (FFM) regarding obesity or gender were not observed. Absolute REE increases with age (p < 0.001), but REE/FFM decreases (p < 0.001) and there is an interaction between gender and age (p < 0.001) on absolute REE showing that the age-related increase is more marked in boys than in girls, in line with a higher FFM. Interestingly, the effect of obesity on absolute REE is not observed in the 8-10 year-old group, in which serum leptin concentrations correlate with the REE/FFM (r = 0.48; p = 0.011). In conclusion, REE/FFM is not affected by obesity or gender, while the effect of age on absolute REE is gender-dependent and leptin may influence the REE/FFM in 8-10 year-olds.

Patient motivation to lose weight: Importance of healthcare professional support, goals and self-efficacy.

BACKGROUND: People with obesity (PwO) often struggle to achieve and maintain weight loss. This can perpetuate and/or be influenced by feelings of low motivation. This analysis from ACTION-IO data identified factors associated with PwO motivation to lose weight. METHODS: PwO completed an online survey in 11 countries. Exploratory multinomial logistic regression analyses identified independent variables associated with self-report of feeling motivated versus not motivated to lose weight. RESULTS: Data from 10,854 PwO were included (5,369 motivated; 3,312 neutral; 2,173 not motivated). Variables associated with feeling motivated versus not motivated included (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]): acknowledgement of healthcare professional (HCP) responsibility to contribute to weight loss (2.32 [1.86-2.88]), comfort in talking to their HCP about weight (1.46 [1.24-1.72), agreement that it is easy to lose weight (1.73 [1.30-2.31]), and a goal of reducing risks from excess weight (1.45 [1.22-1.73]). Conversely, if PwO considered obesity less important than other diseases they were less likely to report feeling motivated (0.49 [0.41-0.58]). PwO who reported being motivated to lose weight were more likely to exercise ≥5 times a week versus <1 time a week (2.77 [2.09-3.68]) than those who reported they were not motivated. CONCLUSIONS: Positive interactions with HCPs, self-efficacy, setting goals and knowledge of the importance of weight management, in addition to regular exercising, may increase PwO motivation for weight loss. Appropriate HCP support may help PwO who are ready to engage in weight management. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03584191.

Telemedicine and e-Health research solutions in literature for combatting COVID-19: a systematic review.

COVID-19 had led to severe clinical manifestations. In the current scenario, 98 794 942 people are infected, and it has responsible for 2 124 193 deaths around the world as reported by World Health Organization on 25 January 2021. Telemedicine has become a critical technology for providing medical care to patients by trying to reduce transmission of the virus among patients, families, and doctors. The economic consequences of coronavirus have affected the entire world and disrupted daily life in many countries. The development of telemedicine applications and eHealth services can significantly help to manage pandemic worldwide better. Consequently, the main objective of this paper is to present a systematic review of the implementation of telemedicine and e-health systems in the combat to COVID-19. The main contribution is to present a comprehensive description of the state of the art considering the domain areas, organizations, funding agencies, researcher units and authors involved. The results show that the United States and China have the most significant number of studies representing 42.11% and 31.58%, respectively. Furthermore, 35 different research units and 9 funding agencies are involved in the application of telemedicine systems to combat COVID-19.

The 3Ds - Discussion, diagnosis and direction: Elements for effective obesity care by healthcare professionals.

BACKGROUND: The care of people with obesity is often suboptimal due to both physician and patient perceptions about obesity itself and clinical barriers. Using data from the ACTION-IO study, we aimed to identify factors that might improve the quality of obesity care through adoption of the 3D approach (Discussion, Diagnosis and Direction [follow-up]) by healthcare professionals (HCPs). METHODS: An online survey was completed by HCPs in 11 countries. Exploratory beta regression analyses identified independent variables associated with each component of the 3D approach. RESULTS: Data from 2,331 HCPs were included in the statistical models. HCPs were significantly more likely to initiate weight discussions and inform patients of obesity diagnoses, respectively, if (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]): they recorded an obesity diagnosis in their patient's medical notes (1.59, [1.43-1.76] and 2.16 [1.94-2.40], respectively); and they were comfortable discussing weight with their patients (1.53 [1.39-1.69] and 1.15 [1.04-1.27]). HCPs who reported feeling motivated to help their patients lose weight were also more likely to initiate discussions (1.36 [1.21-1.53]) and schedule follow-up appointments (1.21 [1.06-1.38]). By contrast, HCPs who lacked advanced formal training in obesity management were less likely to inform patients of obesity diagnoses (0.83 [0.74-0.92]) or schedule follow-up appointments (0.69 [0.62-0.78]). CONCLUSION: Specific actions that could improve obesity care through the 3D approach include: encouraging HCPs to record an obesity diagnosis; providing tools to help HCPs feel more comfortable initiating weight discussions; and provision of training in obesity management. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03584191.

NLRP3 inflammasome blockade reduces adipose tissue inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling.

The NLRP3-IL-1ß pathway plays an important role in adipose tissue (AT)-induced inflammation and the development of obesity-associated comorbidities. We aimed to determine the impact of NLRP3 on obesity and its associated metabolic alterations as well as its role in adipocyte inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Samples obtained from 98 subjects were used in a case-control study. The expression of different components of the inflammasome as well as their main effectors and inflammation- and ECM remodeling-related genes were analyzed. The impact of blocking NLRP3 using siRNA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation and ECM remodeling signaling pathways was evaluated. We demonstrated that obesity (P < 0.01), obesity-associated T2D (P < 0.01) and NAFLD (P < 0.05) increased the expression of different components of the inflammasome as well as the expression and release of IL-1ß and IL-18 in AT. We also found that obese patients with T2D exhibited increased (P < 0.05) hepatic gene expression levels of NLRP3, IL1B and IL18. We showed that NLRP3, but not NLRP1, is regulated by inflammation and hypoxia in visceral adipocytes. We revealed that the inhibition of NLRP3 in human visceral adipocytes significantly blocked (P < 0.01) LPS-induced inflammation by downregulating the mRNA levels of CCL2, IL1B, IL6, IL8, S100A8, S100A9, TLR4 and TNF as well as inhibiting (P < 0.01) the secretion of IL1-ß into the culture medium. Furthermore, blocking NLRP3 attenuated (P < 0.01) the LPS-induced expression of important molecules involved in AT fibrosis (COL1A1, COL4A3, COL6A3 and MMP2). These novel findings provide evidence that blocking the expression of NLRP3 reduces AT inflammation with significant fibrosis attenuation.

The SEEN comprehensive clinical survey of adult obesity: Executive summary. / Abordaje clínico integral SEEN de la obesidad en la edad adulta: resumen ejecutivo.

Obesity is one of the great challenges in healthcare nowadays with important implications for health so requiring comprehensive management. This document aims to establish practical and evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of in Spain, from the perspective of the clinical endocrinologist. A position statement has been made that can be consulted at www.seen.es, and that has been agreed by the Obesity Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (GOSEEN), together with the Nutrition Area (NutriSEEN) and the Working Group of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Physical Exercise (GENEFSEEN).

BVDV-1 induces interferon-beta gene expression through a pathway involving IRF1, IRF7, and NF-κB activation.

The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV-1) is a pathogen with the capacity to modulate the interferon type I system. To further investigate the effects of BVDV-1 on the production of the immune response, the Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell line was infected with the cytopathic CH001 field isolate of BVDV-1, and the IFNbeta expression profiles were analyzed. The results showed that cpBVDV-1 was able to induce the production of IFNbeta in a way similar to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, but with less intensity. Interestingly, all cpBVDV-1 activities were blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of the IRF-1, IRF-7, and NF-κB signaling pathway, and the level of IFNbeta decreased at the level of transcript and protein. These results, together with in silico analyses showing the presence of several regulatory consensus target motifs, suggest that cpBVDV-1 regulates IFNbeta expression in bovines through the activation of several key transcription factors. Collectively, the results suggest that during cpBVDV-1 infection, cross talk is evident between various signaling pathways involved in transcriptional activation of IFNbeta in cattle.

Perceptions, Attitudes, and Barriers to Obesity Management in Spain: Results from the Spanish Cohort of the International ACTION-IO Observation Study.

The prevalence of obesity is rapidly rising in Spain. The Awareness, Care and Treatment in Obesity Management-An International Observation (ACTION-IO) study (NCT03584191) was an international cross-sectional survey conducted to identify the perceptions, attitudes, behaviors, and barriers to obesity management for people with obesity (PwO) and healthcare professionals (HCPs); results from Spain are presented. In Spain, 1500 PwO (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 based on self-reported height and weight) and 306 HCPs (in direct patient care for ≥2 years) completed the survey. Fewer PwO (59%) than HCPs (93%) agreed that obesity is a chronic disease. Most PwO (80%) assumed complete responsibility for their own weight loss, whilst 19% of HCPs placed the responsibility on PwO. One-fifth of PwO stated they began struggling with weight before age 15. The mean delay in discussing weight for the first time with an HCP was 6 years. Only 24% of HCPs thought their patients were motivated to lose weight, whilst 45% of PwO reported being motivated. Of the 67% of PwO who had discussed their weight with an HCP in the last 5 years, 66% had been formally diagnosed with obesity. Our Spanish dataset reveals discrepancies in the perceptions and attitudes between PwO and HCPs, thus highlighting the need to improve education about obesity and its clinical management.

Liver CPT1A gene therapy reduces diet-induced hepatic steatosis in mice and highlights potential lipid biomarkers for human NAFLD.

The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased drastically due to the global obesity pandemic but at present there are no approved therapies. Here, we aimed to revert high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and NAFLD in mice by enhancing liver fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Moreover, we searched for potential new lipid biomarkers for monitoring liver steatosis in humans. We used adeno-associated virus (AAV) to deliver a permanently active mutant form of human carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (hCPT1AM), the key enzyme in FAO, in the liver of a mouse model of HFD-induced obesity and NAFLD. Expression of hCPT1AM enhanced hepatic FAO and autophagy, reduced liver steatosis, and improved glucose homeostasis. Lipidomic analysis in mice and humans before and after therapeutic interventions, such as hepatic AAV9-hCPT1AM administration and RYGB surgery, respectively, led to the identification of specific triacylglyceride (TAG) specie (C50:1) as a potential biomarker to monitor NAFFLD disease. To sum up, here we show for the first time that liver hCPT1AM gene therapy in a mouse model of established obesity, diabetes, and NAFLD can reduce HFD-induced derangements. Moreover, our study highlights TAG (C50:1) as a potential noninvasive biomarker that might be useful to monitor NAFLD in mice and humans.